olemus
vektorruumist \(V\) moodustatud vektorruum \(V^\ast\),
mille skalaaride korpuse \(K\)
moodustavad \(V\) skalaarid ja
mille vektorid on lineaarfunktsioonid \(f\colon V\rightarrow K\)
=
the vector space which comprises the set of linear transformations of a given vector space into its scalar field

tehted
(i) vektorite \(f_1, f_2\in V^\ast\) summa \(f_1+ f_2\)
on \((f_1+ f_2)(v) = f_1(v) + f_2(v)\)
(ii) skalaariga \(k\in K\) korrutis \(k f\) on \((k f)(v) = k\cdot f(v) \) ,
kus \(v\in V\)

ülevaateid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_space

https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cis515/cis515-18-sl6.pdf

https://perso.uclouvain.be/jean-pierre.tignol/MAT1231.pdf