olemus
programmikoodi või andmeid sisaldav riistvara,
mille sisu ei saa lõppkasutaja keskkonnas muuta

ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765, ISO/IEC 2382:
käskude ja nendega seotud andmete
järjestatud kogum, mida talletatakse
sõltumatult põhimälust, tavaliselt püsimälus
= ordered set of instructions and associated data stored in a way that is functionally independent of main storage, usually in a ROM

ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765, ISO/IEC 12207:
riistvaraseadme ja käskude või andmete kombinatsioon,
mis asub riistvaraseadmes lugemispöördusliku tarkvarana
= combination of a hardware device and computer instructions or computer data that reside as read-only software on the hardware device

ülevaateid
http://www.electronicdesign.com/dev-tools/what-s-difference-between-firmware-then-and-now

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware

https://www.embedded.com/firmware-architecture-in-five-easy-steps/

https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-examples-of-firmware

turvalisus
https://eclypsium.com/2020/01/20/assessing-enterprise-firmware-security-risk/

http://solidsystemsllc.com/firmware-security/

https://www.wired.com/2015/02/firmware-vulnerable-hacking-can-done/

https://www.uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/Getting%20a%20Handle%20on%20Firmware%20Security%2011.11.17%20Final.pdf

https://www.embedded-computing.com/articles/firmware-security-for-iot-devices

https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-193.pdf

vt ka
- püsitõkestus
- püsivararünne
- püsivarauuendus