olemus
sõltub kontekstist

ISO/IEC 29128:
kirjeldus, mille süntaks ja semantika on määratletud
usaldusväärsete matemaatiliste kontseptsioonide põhjal
=
description whose syntax and semantics are defined on the basis of well-established mathematical concepts

näiteid
https://www.slideserve.com/Solomon/formal-description-of-a-problem

https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/D410/The%20anatomy%20of%20Programming%20Langauages%20(Fisher%20%26%20Grodzinsky)/%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE%2B%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%861-10%2Bglossary%2Bindex/book04.pdf

https://www.scitepress.org/Papers/2007/12818/12818.pdf

https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/events/conf/2004/ifm/doctoralSymposium/barros.pdf

http://www.wsmo.org/papers/OSullivanTR2005.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_specification

standardeid
https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com10/languages/Z.110_1100_pre.pdf

vt ka
- formaalne
- formaalne mudel
- formaalne spetsifikatsioon