olemus
(1) igasugune raha elektrooniline ekvivalent

ISO/TR 19639:
elektrooniliselt (näiteks pangakontol või kiipkaardil) talletatav väärtus, millel on ekvivalent pärisrahas ja mida saab seetõttu kasutada maksete sooritamiseks
=
value having its equivalence in real money, electronically stored e.g. on a bank account or an IC-card, which thus can be used by the user for payments

ISO 12812:
elektrooniliselt talletatav
(näiteks mobiilseadmel või kaugserveril)
tegelikus rahas mõõdetav rahaline väärtus,
mida tarbija saab hankida ja kasutada makseteks
=
electronically stored monetary value measured in currency and stored on a device, such as a mobile device, or a data server remotely and that can be purchased by a consumer and used for payment

IEC 732-03-31, electronic cash
raha, esitatuna andmetena,
mida saab edastada arvutivõrgu kaudu ja
kasutada vahendina, mida saab vahetada tegelikuks rahaks
=
money represented by data that can be transferred by means of a computer network
Note. Electronic cash is traded as a token which can be exchanged for real money.

(2) piiratud kasutajaskonna elektrooniline maksevahend,
- detsentraliseeritud,
- isereguleeruv,
- enamasti füüsilise vasteta,
- eelkõige krüptoraha ja virtuaalraha
=
a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers, and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community

ülevaateid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_currency

https://webuser.hs-furtwangen.de/~heindl/ebte-09ss/Electronic-Money.ppt

https://www.ersj.eu/repec/ers/papers/17_1_p21.pdf

https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/54896/Sova_Kristina.pdf?sequence=1

https://voxeu.org/article/electronic-money-enhancement-or-replacement

http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/RDavies/arian/emoney.html

näiteid
https://coinmarketcap.com/all/views/all/

vt ka
- Bitcoin
- digiraha
- krüptoraha