olemus
kõrgeim kiht võrgumudelites:
- OSI mudelis 7. kiht
- TCP/IP-mudelis 4. kiht ( ≈ OSI kihid 5+6+7)
- annab rakendusprogrammidele teenuseid
infovahetuseks teiste rakendusprogrammidega
- seega annab teenuseid lõppkasutajale
- määrab selleks protokollid ja meetodid
= an abstraction layer that specifies the shared protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network

ISO/IEC 2382-26:
kiht, mis annab rakendusprotsessidele
vahendid pääsuks OSI keskkonda
ja andmevahetuseks ning sisaldab
rakenduskeskseid protokolle,
mille abil need protsessid suhtlevad
=
layer that provides means for the application processes to access the OSI environment
Note 1.This layer provides means for the application processes to exchange data and it contains the application-oriented protocols by which these processes communicate.

protokollide näiteid
- DNS
- HTTP
- FTP
- SMTP
- Telnet

ülevaateid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA9E85b4r5U

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQUi9NMMO5Y

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer

https://www.mi.fu-berlin.de/inf/groups/ag-tech/teaching/2011-12_WS/L_19531_Telematics/09_Application_Layer.pdf

http://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/eprints/paper_9_1215_27.pdf

https://gradeup.co/application-layer-protocols-dns-smtp-pop-ftp-http-i-ba1194bd-c5ab-11e5-9dcb-5849de73f8e1

turvalisus
https://securityboulevard.com/2020/06/eye-on-the-end-user-application-layer-security/

http://ijcset.net/docs/Volumes/volume2issue6/ijcset2012020605.pdf

http://www.cse.yorku.ca/SecRAY/AppLayerSecurity_Andrade.pdf

https://www.astesj.com/publications/ASTESJ_040131.pdf